Почему Африка отстала в развитии цивилизации от остальных территорий?
Ну, во-первых, наверное сформулированный в названии статьи вопрос не совсем точный. Скорее, уж он относится к Южной Африке (и Центральной Африке), так как Северная Африка не только шагала наравне с остальными народами, но и была одной из колыбелей цивилизации, тот же Египет с его древнейшими поселениями и царствами, это тоже Африка. А вот Центральная и Южная Африка оставались в стороне от общего хода цивилизации. Хотя опять не совсем верно. Известны существовавшие в древнейшие времена царства, с которыми торговали и поддерживали связи хорошо изученные цивилизации, тот же Древний Египет. К таким царствам относится Пунт, существовавший уже около 2500 д.н.э. Именно туда отправляли фараоны свои корабли за экзотическими товарами.
Правда, не совсем понятно, где этот самый знамениты и загадочный Пунт находился. Где-то предположительно в Восточной Африке, многие ученые располагают его где-то на территории нынешнего Сомали, впрочем, с тем же успехом другие ученые пытаются разместить его вообще где-то на побережье Аравии. Каких-то следов в археологическом плане (кроме упоминаний в египетских хрониках) собственно-то и нет. Однако, то что египтяне вели выгодную для себя торговлю и привозили ценимые у них товары, называя место в которое плавают царством Пунт, вовсе не значит, что это было действительно какое-то государство, а не местный союз племен видевших выгоду в торговле с приплывающими по морю египтянами.
Цивилизация Нок археологам известна. Известны развалины крепостей, многочисленные фигурки и статуэтки, обломки керамики, топоры сперва каменные, потом бронзовые и под конец даже железные. Известно, что эта цивилизация существовала на территории современной Нигерии. Известно, что она просуществовала очень долгий период времени, аж с примерно 1600 года д.н.э до примерно 500 года н.э. Большой период для любой цивилизации. Но больше о ней неизвестно ничего… Как жили, чем занимались, как у них все было устроено, даже непонятно было ли это некое государство или группа племен принадлежавших к одной культуре, каждое из которых жило само по себе. Цивилизация Нок прекратила свое существование, когда была завоевана Сао.
Сао – царство круглых городов. Цивилизация возникла на территории современных Камеруна и Чада. Первые следы цивилизации относятся к 4-5 веку д.н.э. Жители Сао возделывали землю, стоили круглые города, и большую часть существования цивилизации отдавали предпочтение каменному и костяному оружию и инструментам, хотя уже под конец существования цивилизации у них стали появляться и металлические орудия и оружие. Несмотря на то, что соседние с ними, в том числе и завоеванные ими народы владели металлургией (как народы цивилизации Нок, например) использование металла у них не прививалось, возможно по причине какого-то религиозного или иного запрета. Цивилизация просуществовала до 16 века н.э, когда была разрушена кочевыми племенами. Возникали и другие государства и даже целые империи, но уже в более поздний средневековый период и ближе к новому времени, когда уже началась колонизация Африки европейцами. Но большая часть Африки продолжала веками и тысячелетиями существовать не меняя свой уклад и образ жизни, оставаясь на стадии первобытных охотников или на замерев на самых первых шагах земледелия. Почему же так?
Чтобы ответить на этот вопрос посмотрим на те территории, где цивилизация возникла или стала развиваться несколько позже, но по схожим условиям. Египет – окруженная пустынями плодородная долина реки. Междуречье, снова плодородная долина реки и снова в окружении далеко неблагоприятных для жизни территорий – пустыни, каменистые пустоши, горы. Если та же Сахара и другие окружающие Египет территории, в свое время были вполне пригодными для жизни местами, являясь скорее степью или саванной, где можно было охотиться и были источники воды, то со временем засушливый климат начал превращать их в пустыни, вытесняя людей в пригодные для обитания, но очень ограниченные в пространстве территории. Повышающаяся концентрация населения вела к постоянным военным конфликтам между племенами и давала выгоду тем племенам, которые находили дополнительные источники существования, а стало быть, преимущество оказалось в руках тех, кто стал заниматься земледелием. Это был вынужденный акт, шаг необходимости, а вовсе не желание и стремление к экспериментам. Схожим образом и по схожим причинам возникали цивилизации Центральной и Южной Америки. Аналогично все происходило (в той или иной степени и в Азии – Китай, Индия.) Европа и нетропическая Азия вообще достаточно суровые места обитания. Видовое разнообразие животных значительно меньше, чем в той же Африке если оно и было достаточно высоко, то с окончанием ледникового периода резко пошло на спад (не без активного участия человека). Довольно холодный климат требует для выживания не только наличие пищи и воды, но и необходимость обеспечить себе тепло, а значит шить одежду и добывать для нее материалы, строить дома (неважно, шатры, яранги, чумы или каменные дома и деревянные хижины). Заставляет искать и заготавливать топливо.
Люди обитавшие в Европе, нетропической Азии, Центральной Америке, Северной Африке, были вынуждены искать новые пути развития, постоянно и активно что-то делать, ради выживания. Это толкал к развитию и освоению новых способов выживания. Для европейца или жителя Азии нормой стало постоянно работать и что-то делать. Такие слова как бездельник, лентяй, то есть человек нечего не делающий, праздно проводящий время, являются словами скорее ругательными. У жителей той же Африки (за исключением северной) такой нужды не было. Равно как не было такой нужды у жителей, скажем, Амазонии. Индейцы Северной Америки, хоть и обитали в достаточно суровом климате схожем с европейским, но низкая плотность населения и большое количество крупной дичи в прериях, делали условия жизни достаточно оптимальными и не подталкивающими к освоению новых способов добычи пищи. У тех, кто обитал, да и обитает до сих пор в таких благоприятных условиях просто нет нужды менять свои условия жизни. Не исчезни мегафауна ледникового периода, европейцы до сих пор охотились бы на зубров и мамонтов, а не строили города и не изобретали прочие вещи.
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