Охлос, плебос, демос или снова о том – что такое демократия, охлократия, которой постоянно пугают и что настоящая власть народа
Я уже не в первый раз и не только на этом канале пишу о том что, то что называют “демократией” не является властью народа. И дело не в нынешней форме власти в той или иной стране. Дело в самом изначальном понимании и смысле этого слова. Сколько приходилось наталкиваться на комментарии в стиле: “вот же глупенькая, “демократия” и переводится как “власть народа””. По крайней мере так принято считать, в современном обществе. Хочу немного разобрать этот вопрос более детально. Дело в том, что “демос” – это не совсем “народ”, или даже совсем не народ. Чтобы понять о чем речь, немного совершим экскурс во времена зарождения самого слова “демократия”, и посмотрим на этот вопрос глазами древних греков.
Просто обозначение людей как таковых – без разбора, некая общность, масса, группа просто аналогично нашему слову “люди” обозначалось словом Лаос (Λαός).
Но древние греки весьма четко детализировали и обозначали различные типы общества и групп людей. И значение бытующих сейчас слов было не совсем таким как сейчас, вернее совсем не таким.
Демос (δῆμος) собственно слово от которого взято название “демократия”, то есть буквально власть демоса. Демос – это не народ, как принято считать. Если буквально перевести смысл значения этого слова с древнегреческого, то получится скорее “люди имеющие право”. Под таковыми подразумевались достаточно состоятельные, можно сказать зажиточные, свободные граждане. В отличии от олигархов (ὀλιγάρχης), которых можно назвать “супербогатеями”- это просто богатые граждане (так сказать без излишеств). Под словом “демос” не подразумевался весь народ: подразумевалась достаточно узкая группа людей, которые могли решать вопросы жизни своего города. Возможно на заре существования эллинских городов демос и составлял основную часть населения этих самых городов, но тогда еще ни о какой “демократии” и речи не было, а в этих городах правили цари, как и в других “варварских” странах.
Другая группа населения эллинских городов – это метеки (μέτοικος). Буквальный перевод “пришлые”, или как сейчас в Москве сказали бы “понаехавшие”. Изначально, это были действительно приехавшие в греческие города переселенцы из других мест, не обязательно иностранцы – чужеродцы, зачастую это перебравшиеся в город жители окрестных поселений. В Древнем Риме существовало схожее по смыслу слово Плебеи (plebs) (от слова заполнять, заполнившие). Постепенно с ростом городов, таких “пришлых” становилось все больше. И в их ряды попадали не только приехавшие переселенцы, но и выходцы из “демоса” обедневшие или потерявшие по тем или иным причинам свои права и статус. Со временем именно эта категория населения стала основной. Говоря уже о Риме, плебеи составляли подавляющую часть римлян. Но управляли всем по прежнему патриции (аналог демоса).
Еще одна категория населения – это Охлос (ὀχλος) (толпа, даже скорее ближе современный термин “быдло”). Это слово могло применяться к неуправляемой или эмоционально настроенной толпе – не зависимо от того, кто составлял эту толпу представители демоса, метеки-плебеи или рабы. Но в остальное время этим же словом обозначали так сказать “отбросы общества” – рабы, преступники, опустившиеся маргиналы.
Смотря глазами современного мира, что мы получаем? Подавляющая часть населения – это плебс, как было так и есть мы плебеи. До патрициев – демоса “не доросли”. Греческие демократы боролись именно за власть демоса. Они яростно выступали против диктатуры и монархии, то есть власти одного человека передаваемой по наследству, или по праву назначенного приемника ( в случае диктатуры). Они презрительно относились к олигархии, то есть к власть очень маленькой группы очень богатых людей. Но столь же яростно пугали горожан охлосом и охлократией. За прошедшие века и тысячелетия в принципе ничего особо не изменилось. Установка даваемая народу примерно такая: “перед вами дилемма – либо мудрые граждане (специалисты, те кому есть что терять, убежденные члены партии – обозначать себя кучка людей может по-разному) мудро правят вами, либо если их отодвинуть в сторону, то придет охлос – безумная толпа алкашей и нищебродов, которым ничего не нужно, кроме сиюминутно напиться и устроить погром.” И эта установка укоренилась в веках. Но еще древние мудрецы заметили, что подвох любой дилеммы в том, что решений всегда больше двух.
Еще в Древнем Риме плебеям было даровано право представлять свои интересы в сенате через выборных трибунов. В более поздние времена демократия добилась значительного успеха и прогресса (?) даровав плебеям право выбирать тех сенаторов, которые будут править плебеями. Это и есть демократия – право плебса выбрать правящего сенатора. Общество по-прежнему разделено: на “демос”- который правит, и “плебос”- который выбирает, кто именно из “демоса” будет править. Ну, а если кто-то прорвется из плебеев к власти, то быстренько ассимилируется став частью демоса.
Устоявшийся порядок нам преподносят как незыблемые нормы разрушения, который ведет к хаосу и охлократии. Тем самым “демос” ставит весь “плебос” на одну полочку с “охлосом”. То есть по сути власть имущие говорят нам же – что мы все алкаши, быдло и ничего не можем без “мудрых правителей”. Говорят не только в переносном смысле заумными и витиеватыми фразами, которым мы верим почему-то (?)), но иногда срываются и говорят это нам прямым текстом в лицо – “вы быдло”, как минимум некоторые представители нового “демоса”.
В данный момент “демос” незначительная прослойка (по числу людей) общества присвоившая себе право решать за других – это чиновники, депутаты, более-менее крупные бизнесмены. Они могут вполне честно и исходя из собственных же интересов противиться олигархии и диктатуре, (то есть власти одного человека, или власти очень маленькой группы очень богатых людей), но они не народ.
“Охлос“- это тоже не народ. Охлос – это незначительная (по числу людей) прослойка общества состоящая из опустившихся маргиналов, преступников, просто утративших интерес к жизни и махнувших на себя рукой. Это не народ. Нам говорят, что власть народа – это власть маргиналов. Но это наглая ложь.
Власть народа – это власть плебса, власть простолюдинов, власть подавляющей массы населения, а не избранной кучки. Ни охлократия, ни демократия народу не нужна – народу нужна “плебсократия”, если угодно можно так это назвать. Власть народа – это власть основной массы народа, а не отдельно взятой группы выступающей от имени народа и решающей за народ. Не нужно пугать “охлократией” – народ не быдло и прекрасно понимает, что ему нужно и не станет действовать себе во вред. Институт выборных представителей не имеет никакого отношения к власти народа. Это имитация “народной власти” и игры с избирательными бюллетенями: в честность таких игр большинство давно уже перестало – даже верить. Настоящая народная власть – это прямая демократия (или плебсократия, если угодно). Устройство правления при котором решения принимаются не избранными представителями, а при помощи всенародного голосования. Таким образом: принимаются и утверждаются законы, устанавливаются приоритеты в экономике, решаются наиболее важные для всего населения вопросы. Все остальное фальсификация “народной власти”, а не власть народа.
Другие мои ресурсы:
Сайт правозащитного фонда ФППД “Факел Свободы”
Мой персональный stihriona.com
Моя книга о социал-либертанстве на Литрес
Группы в ВК :“Правильный феминизм”.
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